Religion makes assumptions about good and evil, as well as about which traits we should strive for, and these have been incorporated into personality theories.  Many of today’s DSM personality disorders borrow heavily from Buddhist texts describing people who failed to find a path to enlightenment. Religion can greatly alter an individual’s personality. Religious concepts, such as the Buddhist concept of mindfulness, are rejected by serious clinicians. |
Both part of psychodynamic theory. Traits are stable, enduring qualities, but the “big five” factors of personality can vary widely throughout the lifespan. Traits are the more specific constructs that make up the “big five” factors of personality. Wilhelm Wundt argued that traits and the “big five” factors of personality are the building blocks of personality. |
meta-analysis factor analysis multivariate analysis random analysis |
William James Gordon Allport Henry Murray Charles Darwin |
trait evolutionary interpersonal/relational neurobiological |
objective test structured interview projective test subjective test |
neurosis. defense mechanism. obsession. transference. |
the Thematic Apperception test. the Rorschach Inkblot test. the Word Association task. the Dream Association test. |
secondary; pleasure primary; pleasure tertiary; satisfaction self-fulfilling; satisfaction |
women were not envious of the anatomical structure but rather the social advantage that came with it. women were not just envious of a man’s penis but also of the generally stronger physical bodies of men. men were also envious of women’s breasts and their ability to nurse their children. men were also envious of women’s ability to create and deliver life. |
Human behavior is driven by sexual and aggressive instincts. All human beings have intrinsic worth and pure motivation. People experience conflict, both between the individual and society and within the individual. All significant aspects of psychological functioning are unknown to the individual. |
mediating between the primal urges and societal constraints placed on the person. satisfying primal urges. unrealistically high expectations placed on the person’s id and superego. setting oneself up as better than other individuals. |
anxiety mood psychotic dissociative |
a lack of judgment. violent urges. narcissistic tendencies. a deep emptiness. |
issues associated declining health. issues associated with the loss of a spouse. negative outcomes in the integrity versus despair stage. negative outcomes in the generativity versus stagnation stage. |
It disrupts the Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. It results in acute stress, leading to release of cortisol. It results in abnormal cell structure in the amygdale. It results in synapse damage that restricts brain development. |
deficiencies in the structure of the self. an abusive childhood. intrapsychic conflicts. early sexual experiences. |
identity crisis self-concept social stigma angst |
individuation; symbiosis symbiosis; individuation autonomy; isolation separation; symbiosis |
an attachment problem. gender confusion. extreme narcissism. a brain malfunction. |
